Introduction:
Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, a prominent 19th-century Punjabi Sufi poet born around 1830 in Khari Sharif, Kashmir, left an indelible mark on Punjabi literature. Renowned for his mystical and romantic compositions, he contributed significantly to the cultural and spiritual heritage of the region.
Literary Contributions:
During his 77-year lifespan, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh authored 18 books, showcasing his literary prowess. His most celebrated work is the romantic epic poem “Saiful Maluk,” where he transformed the traditional Hazarewal story of Prince Saiful-ul-Muluk into poetic brilliance. Additionally, he penned the romantic tragedy “Mirza Sahiban.” Most of his works are in Punjabi and its dialect, Pothwari, except for “Yari,” which he wrote in Persian.
Resistance Against British Rule:
Living during the British rule over South Asia, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, a contemporary of Mast Tawakali and Khwaja Ghulam Farid, expressed resistance through his poetry. His verses served as a powerful medium to voice dissent and uphold the spirit of resistance against colonial rule.
Early Life and Upbringing:
Born into a Punjabi Gujjar family of the Paswal clan with roots in Gujrat, Punjab, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh received his early education at home. Later, he pursued religious studies in the village of Samwal Sharif, immersing himself in the science of Hadith under the guidance of Hafiz Muhammad ‘Ali.
Formal Pledge of Allegiance:
Despite being designated as the spiritual successor (khalifah) of his father, Mian Shamsuddin, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh realized the need for a formal pledge of allegiance to a Sufi master. He traveled extensively, seeking spiritual solace and formally pledged allegiance with Ghulam Muhammad, further deepening his Sufi journey.
Poetic Talents and Works:
Mian Muhammad Bakhsh’s poetic journey evolved from quatrains and couplets to composing stories in verse. His poetry, written in a unique blend of Punjabi dialects and enriched with Persian and Arabic loan-words, reflected his mystic thoughts accessible to the masses. Notable works include “Safarul ‘Ishq” and the famed “Saif ul Maluk.”
Death and Legacy:
Mian Muhammad Bakhsh passed away in 1907 and was laid to rest in Khari Sharif. His tomb remains a site visited by many seeking spiritual blessings. His literary legacy endures, serving as a source of inspiration and guidance, emphasizing mutual harmony and brotherhood.
Tributes and Contemporary Relevance:
In a literary seminar held at Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad in February 2016, rich tributes were paid to Mian Muhammad Bakhsh. Scholars emphasized his role in spreading messages of harmony and brotherhood. Today, he continues to serve as a guiding force, inspiring the younger generation to derive aspirations from national heroes and literary luminaries like him.
In conclusion, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh’s life and works stand as a testament to the enduring impact of Sufi poetry on Punjabi literature and culture. His ability to blend mysticism with social consciousness makes him a revered figure in the literary and spiritual realms.