Introduction
Baha-ud-din Zakariya, also known as Bahauddin Zakariya, stands as a prominent figure in the history of medieval South Asia, revered for his scholarship, spiritual leadership, and contributions to Sufi philosophy. This article delves into his life, teachings, and lasting impact.
Early Life and Lineage
Born around 1170-1182, Zakariya hailed from the Hashimid lineage, tracing his ancestry to Asad ibn Hashim, an ancestor of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Originally from the Khwarazm region in Central Asia, his family settled in Kut Karur, near Multan in the Punjab region. His father, Wajih al-Din Muhammad, and his mother, the daughter of Husam al-Din Tirmidhi, were integral to his upbringing.
Travels and Spiritual Journey
For fifteen years, Zakariya traversed southern Punjab, where he successfully attracted numerous converts from Hinduism. Settling in Multan in 1222, he played a pivotal role in transforming the city into the “Baghdad of the East.” His influence extended beyond spirituality, as evidenced by his support for Iltutmish, the Mamluk Sultan of Delhi, against the ruler Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha in 1228.
Association with Lal Shahbaz Qalandar
Zakariya’s friendship with Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, a revered Sufi saint from Sindh and founder of the Qalandariyya order, is notable. Together with Baba Farid and Syed Jalalauddin Bukhari, they formed the legendary Haq Char Yaar, a group highly revered in South Asian Muslim culture.
Spiritual Philosophy and Teachings
Zakariya’s Sufi orientation followed the teachings of Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi of Baghdad. In contrast to the Chisti order prevalent in Lahore, Zakariya’s Suhrawardi order rejected a life of poverty, advocating ordinary living while combining scholarship with spirituality. His philosophy emphasized adherence to Islamic practices, including fasting and almsgiving, and promoted education for all, irrespective of class or ethnicity.
Legacy and Impact
Zakariya’s teachings gained widespread acceptance, especially in southern Punjab and Sindh, attracting converts from Hinduism. His successors continued to wield influence over the region for centuries, with the Suhrawardi order expanding further into northern India, notably in Gujarat and Bengal.
Shrine and Mausoleum
Baha-ud-Din Zakariya passed away in 1262, and his mausoleum in Multan, measuring 51 ft 9 in internally, stands as a testament to his revered status. Despite facing near destruction during the Siege of Multan in 1848 by the British, the local Muslim community promptly restored the mausoleum. Pilgrims from across Pakistan and beyond visit his shrine during the annual urs, honoring his memory and teachings.
In conclusion, Baha-ud-din Zakariya’s life and contributions have left an indelible mark on the spiritual and cultural landscape of South Asia, shaping the Suhrawardi order and influencing generations of devotees.